PV modules need to be securely fixed to a mounting structure exposed to the sun and these structures need to be securely fixed to the ground or the building on which they are installed. Mounting structures should be shade-free and be able to withstand high winds.
There are many different types of mounting structures:
- Ground-mounted structures in fields/open areas.
- Mounting structures on flat roofs.
- Mounting structures on sloping roofs.
- Pole mounts.
- Mounting structures on building facades.
- PV slates and tiles integrated into a roof.
- Tracking PV arrays (automatic, single or double axis).
- Tracking PV arrays (manual adjustment and turning, single or double axis).
The mounting structures are usually made of galvanised steel or aluminium.
Ground-mounting support structure for PV modules.
PV modules are fixed to mounting structures with frame clamps (as above), bolts or other means.
The optimum inclination angle for PV modules in Iraq is approximately 30° to 35° +/- 10°, however it can be different and will very much depend on the system’s type and location and therefore expert advice should always be sought.
Orientation in Iraq should be towards the south.
Structures are usually made of galvanised steel, but also aluminium. Special ‘solar cables’ and connectors are used to connect the PV modules to one another and to other equipment, and cables should be laid in conduits or trunking to protect them against UV radiation and the environment.